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Transcription and translation together are responsible for Gene Expression.

 

Transcription 

  • The transcription process involves the formation of m-Ribo-Nucleic Acid (RNA) from DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid).
  • One strand of DNA acts as a template, RNA polymerase associates with the DNA strand on the promoter region and transcription begins.

 

  • RNA polymerase moves over the template DNA and adds complementary bases.

 

 

  • RNA Polymerase stops transcription when the termination sequence is reached and releases the complete RNA chain, which moves to the cytoplasm.

 

Translation 

  • It is a process of synthesis of proteins from m-RNA.
  • It starts when ribosomes attach to m-RNA.
  • Bacterial ribosome has two subunits 50s and 30s, containing r-RNA and t-RNA.
  • t-RNA is an adapter molecule - one side attaches to m-RNA, reading the triplet code and the other end attaches to a specific amino acid sequence.
  • Once this assembly is formed, r-RNA catalyzes the process of attaching new amino acids, forming a chain.

 

The process of transcription and translation is shown in Figure 1

 

 

 

 

Figure 1: Process of transcription and translation under the central dogma of DNA function

 

 

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