Central Dogma in the Function of DNA: Transcription and Translation

Transcription and translation together are responsible for Gene Expression.

Transcription 

• The transcription process involves the formation of m-Ribo-Nucleic Acid (RNA) from DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid).
• One strand of DNA acts as a template, RNA polymerase associates with the DNA strand on the promoter region and transcription begins.

• RNA polymerase moves over the template DNA and adds complementary bases.

• RNA Polymerase stops transcription when the termination sequence is reached and releases the complete RNA chain, which moves to the cytoplasm.

Translation 

• It is a process of synthesis of proteins from m-RNA.
• It starts when ribosomes attach to m-RNA.
• Bacterial ribosome has two subunits 50s and 30s, containing r-RNA and t-RNA.
• t-RNA is an adapter molecule - one side attaches to m-RNA, reading the triplet code and the other end attaches to a specific amino acid sequence.
• Once this assembly is formed, r-RNA catalyzes the process of attaching new amino acids, forming a chain.

The process of transcription and translation is shown in Figure 1

Figure 1: Process of transcription and translation under the central dogma of DNA function

Resources

• GLI Training package on LPA 2012​

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