Follow-up sputum examination

Follow-up Sputum Examination is useful for the clinical follow-up which helps in assessing the response to treatment, and to establish cure or failure at the end of treatment.

Significance:

The most important tool in the diagnosis of tuberculosis is direct microscopic examination of appropriately stained sputum specimens for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The technique is simple and inexpensive, and used in the detection of tuberculosis. Sputum microscopy is also useful for the clinical follow up which helps in assessing the response to treatment, and to establish cure or failure at the end of treatment.

Schedule

In case of Drug-sensitive Tuberculosis (DS-TB), the follow-up is done at the end of Intensive Phase (IP) and at the end of Continuation Phase (CP).

In case of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB), the follow up schedule is different for all the three regimen described below:

Isoniazid (H) mono/ poly DR-TB regimen

• Monthly from month 3 onwards, till the end of treatment
• Conduct sputum microscopy within 7 days, if the smear at month 4 or later is positive to rapidly ascertain bacteriological conversion/ reversion.

Shorter oral Bedaquiline-containing Multidrug-Resistant (MDR)/ Rifampicin-Resistant (RR)-TB regimen

• Monthly from 3^rd month onwards, till end of IP
• Monthly in extended IP, only if previous month S+ve
• Conduct sputum microscopy within 7 days, if the smear at 6 months is positive to rapidly ascertain bacteriological conversion/ reversion.

Longer oral M/ XDR-TB regimen

• With culture at Culture and Drug Susceptibility (C&DST) lab
• Conduct sputum microscopy within 7 days if any smear at 6 month or later is positive to rapidly ascertain bacteriological conversion/ reversion.

Post Treatment Follow-Up

After completion of treatment, the patients should be followed-up at the end of 6, 12, 18 & 24 months for detecting recurrence of TB at the earliest. In presence of any clinical symptoms and/or cough, sputum microscopy and/or culture should be considered. This is important in detecting recurrence of TB at the earliest.

Implications

The sputum follow-up examination is a quick and reliable method which helps in monitoring the progress of the treatment and gives an early indication of any recurrence.

Assessment